The Theology of Pastoral Counseling Essay Example for Free

The Theology of Pastoral Counseling Essay The present paper dwells on the theology of being a pastoral helping presence. It articulates the theological stance in pastoral counseling that can also be defined as spiritual/soul counseling in the contemporary setting. The point of view chosen is the one of the person who is a helping professional. The paper traces the patterns in which counseling and theology are enmeshed in the process of conducting pastoral help: to be precise, the concept of counseling, the specifics of pastoral counseling, the place of religion in conducting and receiving pastoral counseling, the dichotomy of body and soul, spirituality, the processes that structure human perception in regard of counseling needs, and. For the goals of the paper it is important to define the basic concept of pastoral counseling. One may think that the process takes place in a church or some other religious environment exclusively. Judging from the examples of modernity, though, such point of view is hardly correct. As one may see, religion stopped being chained solely to the church as the place where sermons are served and other religious ceremonies are conducted. Once Ross stated that pastoral counseling â€Å"helps each person tell their story in a faith context as well as within their personal context. † It means that the issues of religious faith and helping presence are important in any environment, be it the church, the clinic or home. To add, there is no suppression of the personal mode and value in the pastoral helping process; the specific issue of a person being counseled is integrated into the rich theological system. By theology the research often means the narrow discipline of religious thought. Such a restriction prevents counseling (especially pastoral counseling) to develop in full splendor. One of the arguments against the narrowing of â€Å"theology†-concept is tolerance. Pastoral helping is of high value for both the believers and non-believers in terms of Christian or other faith. The situation of conflict (death, the change of state, loss, disruptive emotions or actions, etc. ) is the common reason for a human being to seek help and clinical or pastoral counseling. Non-pastoral counseling enables a person to look for the conflict resolution but the effect may be unstable and incomplete; meanwhile, pastoral presence makes a person to understand the chain of spirituality and the integrity of existence. If to recall Jonah in the belly of the fish, non-pastoral counseling is the process of Jonah’s salvation from the perilous situation, whereas pastoral counseling makes a human being in crisis open-eyed to the Revelation. Ross after Abram called the pastoral counseling an arena or a ‘transitional space’ in which some revelatory understanding of experience can be developed. The revelation or discovery of God is better structured in the process of pastoral counseling because it comprises moral, ethical and metaphysical elements of a universal theological system and the necessities of everyday human life. The aforesaid necessities visibly echo to the religious concepts such as the one of Holy Trinity, the Exodus, the actions of Prophets and Saints. The essence of pastoral helping, thus, is the one of relationship, revelation and hope. It is interesting to research here the essence of helping and problem solving provided in pastoral counseling in comparison to psychotherapeutic counseling and physical care. According to Ross, pastoral counseling is a relationship in which a person agrees to explore issues of meaning and being, helped by another, drawing on psychological and spiritual insights informed by a tradition shaped within a community of faith. The mentioning of psychological and spiritual insights drives the researcher to recall about psychology and psychiatry with their concept apparatus. These sciences aim at mental healing in the similar was as medicine aims at physical healing. The comparison of psychology, medical care and pastoral counseling makes one think that mind and body are traditionally seen as separate realms of a human being of unequal value. The understanding of soul is even more deemed. Most people see the soul as something opposite to the body or inferior to it. Plato stressed the eternal nature of soul that had been created prior to body; the body was mortal, whereas the soul could not die. In the Old Testament, meanwhile, people are referred to as living souls. The concept of soul means a lot for pastoral counseling as it was proved in the brilliant article by Malony who suggested an extensive discourse on the questions of the soul/spirituality/soulness/soulishness element in counseling. Malony criticized both the rational/emotive approach (Albert Ellis, 1965, 1980) and the nouthetic approach (Jay Adams, 1970, 1979) to counseling in regard to the spiritual filler. The former treats a human being as the physically-oriented creature whose primary task is to adjust to environment. The latter approach emphasizes the salvation of soul in religion as the primary task for a human being. Malony proposed a monistic approach or nonreductive physicalism in order to treat human beings as body/soul unities or entities. Such a dichotomous integrity of flesh and soul in a life was perfectly worded in the famous saying from John 1:14, â€Å"And the Word became flesh and dwelt among us. † One may assume that there is no rigid boundary between physical and spiritual worlds which are interconnected. In the post-modern environment the genuinely theological quest for the human soul was inherited by psychology with its concepts of mental processes, ego, emotional and cognitive drivers. This theological-psychological relay does not imply complete identity. Whereas theological perspective used to find love, the psychological one means libido. In other words, whereas psychotherapeutic science concentrates on the stimuli or causes for disruptive mental processes, on symptomatic analysis and the structure of mental reactions, theological counseling seems to be more â€Å"interested [†¦] in correcting causes† of human conflicts. And pastoral counsels sincerely believe that the human soul may be tortured with pain and desperation in the same way as the human body may be tortured with cancer. It is the soul which is aided in pastoral counseling. James (1985) assumed that there are four cognitive/perceptual processes that strengthen soul in the process of establishing spiritual integrity and managing conflicts and grieves according to divine laws. He spoke of insights, understandings, feelings, and actions which seem to be brain functions. But Malony noticed that the aforesaid processes are enriched with new meaning when they focus on â€Å"transempirical reality. † In the process of pastoral counseling the current and daily issues of a person in need are reframed against the eternal spiritual and theological perspective. A person is guided to the understanding that â€Å"we are not alone, since the creation points to one who is beyond us so that the ‘why’ question becomes the ‘who’ question. † John Patton (1990) shrewdly stated that pastoral counseling â€Å"involves assisting persons to move from talking generally about themselves and specifically about their problems to talking specifically about themselves and generally about their problems. † Malony, Ross and Patton similarly emphasized the value of theological perspective that made pastoral counseling a powerful media to guide living souls through unstable situations and problematic issues. Like psychotherapeutic or clinical counseling, the pastoral one has the aim of helping the person to fit into the environment in the healthy and authentic way. Any counseling means â€Å"personal healing and social involvement;† it develops diagnosis of the problem into a new process of active self-rediscovering, which is â€Å"a healing endeavor based on active listening and the giving of counsel. † But pastoral counseling has a more valuable effect on a person due to its theological underlining. It helps a person to rediscover and straighten his/her spirituality instead of momentous fixing of a problem with all the spiritual gains and revelations sinking into oblivion the other day. To put it in a nut-shell, the pastoral helping encompasses several systems of knowledge and action including psychology, therapeutic care, communication as well as theological perspective. Though pastoral counseling activates the same brain functions as psychotherapy does – e. g. , insights, understandings, feelings, and actions pastoral counseling seems to be better organized than counseling per se from the transempirical point of view. The pastoral helping reminds people of the higher sense and meaning in life which is not just the implementation of mechanistic and materialistic rules. The relations between the participants of the counseling process are holistic in sense that the recipient of counseling is no less valuable and worth to exist than the pastoral counselor. The latter is always kept on guard by the warning given to Ezra, â€Å"You are not a better judge than God, or more intelligent than the Most High! † It is no surprise that Donald Capps (1981) named counseling â€Å"the activity of God. † The person being counseled analyzes the specific processes of his/her specific life and, simultaneously, he/she is helped to view his/her particularities from the eternal, longitudinal, divine perspective. Works Cited The Complete Bible: An American Translation, trans. J. M. Powis Smith and Edgar J. Goodspeed [book on-line] (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939, accessed 10 February 2006), 26; available from Questia, http://www.questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=82397656; Internet. Lyall, David. â€Å"Pastoral Counselling In a Postmodern Context. † In Clinical Counselling in Pastoral Settings, edited by Gordon Lynch, 7-21. London: Routledge, 1999. Malony, H. Newton. â€Å"Counseling Body/Soul Persons. † International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 8. 4 (1998): 221-242. Ross, Alistair. â€Å"The Place of Religious Tradition in Pastoral Counselling. † In Clinical Counselling in Pastoral Settings, edited by Gordon Lynch, 37-50. London: Routledge, 1999.

Comparing William Shakespeares Sonnet 18 and Sonnet 130 :: Compare Contrast Comparison

Sonnet 18 and Sonnet 130, by William Shakespeare, are two of the most well known Shakespeare sonnets. Both are similar in theme, however, the two poems are very much contradictory in style, purpose, and the muse to who Shakespeare is writing. Both Sonnets have different styles. Sonnet 18 is a much more traditional poem, showing the reader a picture of his muse in the most divine way. Shakespeare uses a complex metaphor of comparing his subject to the summer, but at the same time making it easy to understand. The poet goes as traditional as possible; his friend surpasses the beauty of summer, as summer will fade and turn to winter. Sonnet 130 is just as easy to understand as the former. The use of straightforward comparisons that go from line to line, instead of one metaphor elaborated through the entire poem, makes this sonnet quite different in style. Sonnet 130, in contradiction to Sonnet 18, purposefully branches off from the traditional romantic love poem for he does not describe the subject as a true beauty but as his true love.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The two poems do seem to have a similar theme; both are focused around describing the poet’s muse. However, Sonnet 18 is not about love at all—Shakespeare makes no reference to love in the poem; he is merely describing how beautiful this individual is. Sonnet 130, on the other hand, is a true love poem, making direct mention to it in the couplet: â€Å"And yet, by heaven, I think my love as rare / As any she belied with false compare.† Surprisingly enough, Sonnet 18 shows more the love Shakespeare has for himself and his writing ability. In the last three lines: â€Å"When in eternal lines to time thou growest: / So long as men can breathe or eyes can see, / So long lives this and this gives life to thee.† he is basically saying that in his eternal verse his muse will forever live. And although the couplet is sweet, a different approach to its meaning would be: â€Å"As long as people can read, they will read my poetry!† Sonnets were created to show-off a poet’s skill and not their love—in Sonnet 18 it is most apparent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sonnets are similar in that the subject who which Shakespeare is writing is very dear to him. The most over looked difference, however, is who the subject actually is.

New Book of Knowledge Online Essay

Since the year 1912, the New Book of Knowledge has been in print and has remained as an authoritative, informative and educational modern encyclopedia for children. It provides balanced, appropriate, and engaging coverage of a wide range of topics for students in grades four through six. The New Book of Knowledge has long been the leading source of accurate, accessible, and fun-to-read information for use in homes and libraries. It contains thousands of articles, written by over 1,880 authoritative contributors and also has many other special features. The key aspects of the New Book of Knowledge Online are its appealing features, illustrations, and maps complement encyclopedia entries. The more recent 2003 edition boasts of 51 completely new articles; among them African Union; Chirac, Jacques; Grief; Giuliani, Rudolph; Mesopotamia; Snails and slugs; and Zoology. With about 1,200 new images, photographs, and works of art, the New Book of Knowledge Online devotes nearly one-third of the content to illustrations. This is a key feature which appeals to its target market of children from grades four (4) to six (6). Several interactive features also make this edition more appealing and entertaining for the children as well. Under the NBK News section there is SummerScoops which is a fun section that currently links to the Great Outdoors, Sightseeing. com, Rainy Day Fun, Summer Reading, and more. There are also other regular features, such as Wonder Questions, Literary Selections, and Projects and Experiments, which are also found in the print set. Web Feat is a fun-and-games approach to learning and adds entertainment to education. The strength of the New Book of Knowledge Online is the fact that the information is very thoroughly updated. The replacement article on Afghanistan is current into June 2002 and Hamid Karzai’s election as president of the Transitional Authority. Terrorism, war on is a new entry, and Bush, George W. and Terrorism were replaced. The Bush entry notes his address to the United Nations in September 2002, and the new entry on Tony Blair mentions the prime minister’s support for Bush’s plans to disarm Iraq. The post deadline Columbia space shuttle disaster made it into the entries for Space exploration and travel and Space shuttles. These current facts make this an ideal encyclopedia not only for children but for parents as well. It is not only useful for school reports and research papers but has all sorts of information that appeal to almost all the scholarly endeavors. Another major selling point for the New Book of Knowledge is its relative ease in facilitating searcher. Each volume of the New Book of Knowledge has its own index with blue pages, which makes it easy to locate, and there is a well-constructed comprehensive index volume for the set. It also identifies items such as pictures, maps, and in the index entries. A Subject Browse, Alphabetical Browse, and Advanced Search are available in addition to a full-text Quick Search. Being able to retrieve articles and updates in a single search is a great feature, making Quick Search very user-friendly. In both its print and online version NBK is well suited to its young audience, a group generally underserved by reference publishers. Its many appealing features encourage children to explore and to develop good research skills.

Status of the UN Security Council - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2617 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? The International court of justice held that it is for non-member states to act in accordance (sic) with those decisions (of the UN security council) ( Namibia Opinion (1971) para.126 ) Introduction The sources of public international law have been articulated within Article 38(1) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice; United Nations Security Council resolutions are not included within this. The Namibia Opinion, despite its suggestion in para.126, cannot be considered an authority for the proposition that Security Council resolutions are binding on non-member States, particularly read within the context of the ICJ judgement as a whole. Nor does the judgement support the view that UN Security Council resolutions are a source of public international law. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Status of the UN Security Council" essay for you Create order More recently, however, there has been some support for the view that certain Security Council resolutions have taken on a legislative character, that the Security Council is becoming a legislature for the World and therefore becoming a law-making body. Not surprisingly, there are a number of States who have expressed concern with this view. This is not least because the Security Council appears to have extensive powers, which having little legal regulation and coupled with the fact that the organisation is highly undemocratic, does not afford the impartiality that is required for such a function. Security Council Resolutions The term resolution has been used in United Nations (UN) practice in a generic sense, but it includes broadly two kinds of statements: recommendations and decisions. When the International Court of Justice (ICJ) refers to Security Council resolutions, it reserves the expression decision for binding resolutions and recommendation for non-binding ones. Security Council resolutions are generally only binding on the addressee, which may be one member, some members, all members, or other UN organs. It can even be binding on those members of the Security Council which voted against it and those members of the United Nations who are not members of the Council. However, with regard to non-UN member states, Oberg has argued that the most coherent interpretation of a difficult passage in the Namibia Opinion rejects any direct binding effect. Therefore, it is argued that despite the ICJ statement in the Namibia opinion in that it is for non-member states to act in accordance (sic) with those decisions (of the UN Security Council), that such resolutions are not binding on non-member states. In general, treaties only bind parties, in accordance with the concept within international law that consent is required to be bound by such obligations. Finally, since almost all States are now members of the UN, it would be hard to find non-member States to be bound in this way. Sources of Public International Law The sources of public international law are articulated within Article 38 (1) of the Statute of the ICJ. These include international conventions, international custom, and general principles. Judicial decisions and academic writings are also subsidiary means of legal interpretation. Therefore, if UN Security Council resolutions are a source of public international law, they must fall within one of these categories. De Brichambaut has explained that since the Security Council adopts resolutions, it can be assumed that it creates norms within the institutional framework that is defined by the UN Charter. However, this does not mean that these norms are source of public international law, but that the Security Council can create rights and obligations with respect to UN member States. The Security Council therefore acts only in accordance with its authority as delineated within the UN Charter. Chapter VII UN Charter The Security Council is a political organ and makes political decisions; however, it does produce resolutions, which have legal consequences. It is a legally effective collective security system, and its activities are defined within Chapter VII of the UN Charter. If the Security Council therefore makes a determination that there has been a threat to peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression under Article 39, it may exercise powers pursuant to Articles 40 to 42 of the UN Charter. Since this concept has no definition within the UN Charter, it gives the Security Council the ability to exercise wide discretion. Once the conditions within Article 39 are satisfied, Article 40 enables the Security Council to impose provisional measures, which are legally binding on States. Article 41 then empowers the Security Council to impose economic or diplomatic sanctions, in order to give effect to the resolution. Finally, Article 42 authorises the Security Council to take action by air, sea or land forces to maintain or restore international peace and security. Therefore, the UN Security Council may appear to be imposing legal sanctions on states, however, the link between the Charter mechanisms for peace maintenance and the concept of legal sanctions is tenuous. The purpose of enforcement action is not: to maintain or restore the law, but to maintain, or restore peace, which is not necessarily identical with the law. Mandatory decisions under Chapter VII, triggered by Article 39, are the outcome of political considerations, not legal reasoning, nor are its proceedings subject to judicial procedures. The determination of what constitutes a threat to peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression is a selective and to a large extent arbitrary process. The Security Council is not required to match the gravity of the situation to its response and it is not required to adopt the measures provided under Chapter VII in any particular order. Therefore, it is hard to con ceive of the Security Council as a law-making body. Advisory Opinion on Namibia In the Namibia Opinion, the ICJ recalled that although non-member States are not bound by Article 24 and 25 of the UN Charter, that they had been called upon in Security Council resolution 276 (1970) to give assistance in the action which has been taken by the United Nations with regards to Namibia. The ICJ went on to say that any state entering into relations with South Africa concerning Namibia, could not expect the UN or its members to recognise such a relationship. Since the UN General Assembly Mandate of South Africa in Namibia had been terminated, and South Africas continued presence in Namibia been declared illegal the ICJ considered that it is for non-member States to act in accordance with those decisions. However, as Gowlland-Debbas has explained that Security Council determinations of illegality and invalidity are essentially declaratory and not intended to create the illegality or nullity of the acts in question. The powers of the Security Council cannot be considere d to be legislative powers therefore, even in a broad sense. As Judge Onyeama emphasised in his separate opinion in the Namibia case, stating: The declaration of illegality of the continued presence of South Africa in Namibia did not itself make such presence illegal; it was a statement of the Security Councils assessment of the legal quality of the situation created by South Africas failure to comply with the General Assemblys resolution it was in fact a judicial determination. Therefore, it is clear that the Security Council does not make the law and therefore its resolutions do not constitute a source of public international law. They do have a role however, in interpreting current law and contribute to the law-making process. Customary International Law Article 38 of the ICJ Statute refers to international custom, as evidence of general practice accepted as law. In the Fisheries case, Judge Read described customary international law as the generalisation of the practice of States. As Crawford has explained, it is the conclusion drawn by someone as to two related questions: (a) is there a general practice; (b) is it accepted as international law? A custom arises therefore when a particular practice has become general. It is considered that the practice of international organisations can constitute one element of State practice. In Libya/Malta Continental Shelf case, the ICJ explained that the substance of customary international law should be sought from State practice and opinio juris of States. Opinio juris may be obtained from General Assembly or Security Council resolutions, if their subject matter is not too restricted to particular circumstances. Therefore, although Security Council Resolutions are not a source of public inte rnational law, they do constitute State practice, which may contribute to customary international law. Treaty Law Article 103 UN Charter provides that obligations of member States under the UN Charter should prevail over other International agreements. Therefore, since Security Council Resolutions are obligations under the UN Charter, these can take precedence over International Treaties. However, Security Council resolutions are created using a very different process to Treaties. In the Kosovo advisory opinion, the ICJ considered factors relating to the interpretation of resolutions of the Security Council. They explained that Security Council resolutions are the product of a voting process provided for in Article 27 of the Charter, and the final text of such resolutions represents the view of the Security Council as a body. Interpretation of Security Council resolutions is also very different to interpretation of Treaties. According to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, the starting point is the intent of the parties, and the best evidence of common intent is the specific langu age of the treaty. In terms of Security Council Resolutions, their implications can be incredibly far reaching, particularly for the State against whom the enforcement measures are being taken. As Frowein has argued: such a resolution is the legal basis for the most severe encroachment upon the sovereignty of a member of the United Nations. Therefore, although such resolutions have considerable impact and may even take precedence over Treaty law, they are essentially only a source of rights and obligations for member States of the UN and not a source of public international law. Security Council as Lawmaker Despite the fact that Security Council Resolutions cannot be considered to be sources of international law, there are many areas where the Security Council has made significant contributions to the body of international law. These areas have been enumerated by Michael Wood and include statehood: recognition and non-recognition; the law of treaties; State responsibility; international criminal law; international humanitarian law; international human rights law; and the international administration of territory. Reference has been made to the Security Council as a World Legislature and it has been suggested that a new legislative stage started with the adoption of Resolution 1373 on September 28, 2001. The president of the UN Security Council, in referring to the planned adoption of Resolution 1540 of April 28, 2004, described the ongoing consultation process for that resolution as the first major step towards having the Security Council legislate for the rest of the United Nation s membership. Krisch has even gone so far as to say that [b]y means of its enforcement powers, the Security Council has in fact replaced the conventional law-making process on the international level. Talmon has claimed that the hallmark of any international legislation is the general and abstract character of the obligation imposed. He suggests that Security Resolutions are framed in this manner. For example Resolution 1390, relating to the freezing of Al Qaeda assets, exhibit the characteristics of the legislative or generic resolution. This kind of resolution has also been referred to as a resolution, not in response to a particular fact situation. Therefore, it is argued that these resolutions are similar to obligations entered into states as international agreements. These new legislative or generic resolutions therefore have been referred to as international legislation. At the same time, there are those who express concern at the Security Councils increasing tendency to assume new and wider powers on behalf of the international community, by passing resolutions which are binding on all member States. There are others who express the opinion that the Council has no such legislative authority, claiming that the purported enactment of global legislation is not consistent with the provisions of the United Nations Charter. There may be some justification in these concerns, after all the UN Security Council is a political institution and not a legal one. It is also a highly undemocratic and has few legal constraints upon its own actions. Therefore, if it is the case that UN Security Council Resolutions are making their way into the realms of public international law via this route, then this appears to be a dangerous step. Conclusion The ICJs Namibia Opinion did not make Security Council resolutions binding on non-member states. Although paragraph 126 has been referred to as a difficult paragraph, taking the judgement as a whole it is hard to arrive at this conclusion. It is also clear that this judgment did not impact upon Security Council resolutions status as a source of public international law. Although such resolutions may add to the body of state practice which influences the development of customary international law, these resolutions cannot be considered law in themselves. Nevertheless, there is a growing body of opinion that has spoken of the legislative function of the Security Council and has identified certain generic or legislative resolutions. Some UN Member States have expressed the view that these are the beginnings of a legislative function within the Security Council. There are clear dangers in recognising this view, the Security Council is first and foremost a political and not a law making body and appears to lack the impartiality required to fulfil such a function. References Cases Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo, Advisory Opinion, ICJ Reports 2010, 404 Fisheries (UK V Norway). ICJ Reports 1951 Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Reports 1971 https://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/53/5595.pdf accessed 15th February 2013 Libya/Malta Continental Shelf case, ICJ Reports 29-30 Books Crawford, James Brownlies Principles of Public International Law, 8th edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012 p.23 De Brichambaut, Marc Perrin, The role of the UN Security Council, in Michael Byers (Ed.) The Role of Law in International Politics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000 Dixon, Martin, McCorquodale, Robert and Williams,Sarah, Cases and Materials on International Law, 5th edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2011 Harris, David J. Cases and Materials on International Law, 7th edition, Sweet Maxwell, London, 2010 Kelsen, Hans, Law of the United Nations: A Critical Analysis of its Fundamental Problems, The Lawbook Exchange, New Jersey, 2000 OBrien, John, International Law Abingdon, Routledge-Cavendish, 2009 Walter, Christian, VÃÆ' ¶neky, Silja, RÃÆ' ¶ben, Volker and Schorkopf, Frank (eds) Terrorism as a challenge for National and International Law: Security versus liberty? Springer, Heidelberg, 2004 Journal Articles Gowlland-Debas, Vera, Security Council enforcement action and issues of state responsibility, (1994) 43(1) International Comparative Law Quarterly, 55-98 ÃÆ'–berg, Marco Divac, The legal effects of resolutions of the UN Security Council and General Assembly on the jurisprudence of the ICJ (2005) , 16(5) European Journal of International Law, 879-906 Talmon, Stefan, The Security Council as World Legislature, (2005) 99(1) American Journal of International Law, 175-193 Yee, Sienho, The dynamic interplay between the interpreters of Security Council à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ °resolutions. (2012) 11(4) Chinese Journal of International law, 613-622 Web References Press Briefing, Press Conference by Security Council President https://www.un.org/News/briefings/docs/2004/pleugerpc.DOC.htm accessed 15th February 2013 UN Doc. S/PV 4950 https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Chap%20VII%20SPV%204950.pdf accessed at 15th February 2013 Wood, Michael, The UN Security Council and International Law: The Legal Framework of the Security Council, Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Lectures, First Lecture, 7th November 2006 https://www.lcil.cam.ac.uk/Media/lectures/pdf/2006_hersch_lecture_1.pdf accessed 13th February 2013 Wood, Michael, The UN Security Council and International Law: The Security Council and the use of Force, Hersch Lauterpacht Memorial Lectures, Third Lecture, 9th November 2006 https://www.lcil.cam.ac.uk/Media/lectures/pdf/2006_hersch_lecture_3.pdf accessed 13th February 2013